§243 フィルターユニット及び放散口付きサイロ

The question arises, how should the Directive be applied to filter units and vented silo bins?

Most filters and silo bins will have an explosive dust cloud inside at some point during normal operation.

The inside may be areas in which an explosive atmosphere caused by air/dust mixtures are present continuously, for long periods or frequently, or areas in which such an atmosphere is likely to occur, depending on the operating conditions.

Many filters and silos are located in the open air, or in a room in a building which does not need to be classified as hazardous.

With the exception of 5)a) and 7) the description below of different cases assumes that filters and silos themselves will not be a source of dust release that would give rise to a potentially explosive atmosphere in the surrounding area.

This description also considers that many apparatuses with filters inside are fitted with explosion protection devices, such as vent panels, doors or suppression equipment.

1) The filter or the silo bin has no moving parts or electrical equipment on the inside, and is located in a non-hazardous area.

Conclusion: These filters or silos are not in scope of the Directive 2014/34/EU.

Electrostatic hazards may exist from insulating surfaces inside the filter, from the filter elements or from cone discharges in silos. This risk depends for example on the properties of the dust being collected, and other operating conditions. But any electrostatic risks are not considered as giving the filter or silos its own potential source of ignition, so these filters or silos do not fulfil the definition of equipment in Article 1(3)a.

Remark: These filters or silos do not fulfil the other criteria of the definition.

The electrostatic risks can be covered by other directives, for example the Machinery Directive when the filter is part of a machine. In this case the manufacturer of the machine is responsible to avoid this risk according to the provisions of the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC (see section § 233). In all cases these risks must be controlled by the user under Directive 1999/92/EC. The electrostatic risks are covered in the standard EN ISO 80079-36 Non-electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres - Basic method and requirements.

2) The filter has moving parts inside that can be considered as mechanical equipment, such as a bag shaking mechanism, or a screw feeder to remove collected dust. The whole filter is located in a non-hazardous area.

Conclusion: The manufacturer must assess whether the moving parts create its own potential source of ignition. If the moving parts do not create any potential source of ignition, perhaps because they have low power, or move very slowly, the situation is the same as case 1, and the filter is not in scope of the Directive.

Remark: Low power in this sense is not given, when for example the power source is strong and only the power inside the equipment is reduced by protection methods in order to avoid an ignition risk. There is a similar situation in case of the electrical type of protection the "intrinsic safety".

If the mechanical equipment on the inside does create an ignition risk, this equipment (as part of the complete apparatus) must comply with the ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU (see section § 34 on place of intended use).

If inside the filter an explosive atmosphere caused by air/dust mixtures is present continuously, for long periods or frequently, according to Annex I for the equipment inside, conformity with category 1 should be reached. But this will in respect of the state of the art not always be possible. In these cases according to: - Annex II A, technological knowledge must be taken into account, and - Annex II 1.0.1, the principles of integrated explosion safety must be applied.

That means when it is not possible to prevent the ignition source sufficiently – according to the "state of the art" – to reach category 1, category 2 can be sufficient when the manufacturer takes additional measures "to halt it immediately and/or to limit the range of explosion flames and explosion pressures to a sufficient level of safety" (see Annex II 1.0.1 indent 3). It is in the responsibility of the manufacturer to take this decision.

The explosion vent can be seen as an example of integrated explosion safety as described under Annex II 1.0.1.

In this case, and if the complete apparatus (filter with explosion vent panel or doors) is produced and integrated by the same manufacturer, not only the mechanical but all equipment inside falls under the scope of Directive 2014/34/EU. Consequently the manufacturer takes the following measures: - preventing sufficiently the ignition source inside (according to the "state of the art"); - selecting an appropriate protective system in order to limit the range of explosion flames and pressure; - designing the filter in such a way that it can withstand an internal explosion without rupturing (design for the reduced explosion pressure in conjunction with explosion pressure relief or explosion suppression).

3) The complete filter or the silo bin has electrical equipment inside. In filters those electrical equipment may be a pressure switch, or level switch on the container that collects the dust, in silos level indicators are widely used.

Conclusion: This electrical equipment is equipment in the sense of Article 1.1 of the Directive 2014/34/EU and therefore must comply with this Directive.

4) The silo bin or the complete apparatus with the filter is fitted by the manufacturer with explosion vent panels or doors, supplied by another manufacturer.

Conclusion: These panels or doors are 'protective systems' in the sense of the Directive 2014/34/EU and the manufacturer of these systems has to apply the directive when placing this as an autonomous system on the market. That means the procedure set out in Article 13(2) has to be applied and they must be CE and εx marked. Selecting the correct panel or door (for example: size, quality, function) depends on the application and has to be done by the manufacturer of the apparatus.

5) The silo bin or the complete apparatus with the filter is fitted with explosion vent panels or doors produced and integrated into the filter or silo by the filter/silo manufacturer themselves.

Conclusion:

For filters we have to distinguish two cases: a) The complete apparatus is in the scope of the Directive 2014/34/EU. b) The complete apparatus is not in the scope of the Directive 2014/34/EU.

For silos, generally case b) is applicable.

Case a)

These are not autonomous protective systems according to Article 2(2) because they are placed on the market as a part of an equipment in the sense of Article 1(1) and not separately. Therefore Article 13(2) has not to be applied. The protective system alone is not in the scope of the Directive but the whole equipment. That means the conformity procedure of the equipment includes the protective system.

However, if another manufacturer sells complete replacement vent panels or doors as spare parts, these are autonomous protective systems, separately placed on the market and then he must apply the Directive 2014/34/EU. That means they must for example be tested, CE and εx marked in the same way as complete panels or doors separately placed on the market from other manufacturers.

Case b)

These complete apparatus or explosion vent panels or doors are autonomous protective systems according to Article 2(2) because they are separately placed on the marked in the sense of the directive and therefore Article 13(2) has to be applied. That is because they are not placed on the market as a part of an equipment in the sense of Article 1(1).

Remark for filters: In case 4 or 5, the manufacturer in any case carries responsibility for ensuring that the body of the filter will not fail in the event of an explosion, even though it is not covered by specific EU legislation. Users should ask the manufacturers how they can be sure that the filter complies with the safety requirements of the Work Equipment Directive 2009/104/EC (that repealed the Directive 89/655/EC amended by 95/63/EC and 2001/45/EC); especially Annex I, 2.7.

Remark for silos: Even protective systems such as vent areas which are integrated in the cell ceiling of silos or inserted lightweight constructions are protective systems for the purpose of Directive 2014/34/EU and must be placed separately on the market as autonomous protective systems and must therefore be treated as such with regard to assessment of conformity and marking.

6) A – normally small – apparatus with only a filter sock, plastic collection bag and fan, but no metal enclosure.

Conclusion: If during the intended use a dangerous explosion pressure cannot be formed in such a small apparatus when a dust cloud inside the filter is ignited, the inside is not to be classified as a hazardous area and the equipment used inside is not in the scope of the Directive 2014/34/EU.

This is the case with some filters used for collecting wood dust and wood-waste.

7) The silo or an apparatus with a filter is intended to be installed in an area, in which air/dust mixtures are unlikely to occur or, if they do occur, are likely to do so only infrequently and for a short period only.

Conclusion: In respect of the complete apparatus the Directive 2014/34/EU is only relevant for the manufacturer, if it is equipment in the sense of this Directive. To find out if the whole apparatus is such equipment, the manufacturer of this apparatus for example must examine if it creates any possible sources of ignition, which can ignite an explosive atmosphere on the outside. When this can happen, he has to apply the Directive 2014/34/EU.

The apparatus must in this case conform to category 3.

Remark: Equipment of this type may be needed if there are for example sources of dust release from other equipment nearby.

As silos have no own possible ignition source, which can ignite an explosive atmosphere on the outside, they will not conform to category 3.

General remark for autonomous protective systems:

Measures for the indirect explosion pressure venting at buildings, like for example windows, walls of lightweight construction or similar, do not fall within the scope of Directive 2014/34/EU. The employer/operator himself is responsible to implement such measures. In doing so, priority shall be given to the requirements according to the building regulations.